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Combating heat stress through urban planning: Integrated case studies for Lisbon and Islamabad

Peer-reviewed Papers

April 2026

New peer-reviewed study examines the effectiveness of nature-based adaptation solutions to combat heat stress and high temperatures in Lisbon and Islamabad. Local stakeholders were involved in the design of the urban nature-based solutions, which were found to offer localised respite from heat stress by up to 40% during the day, mainly by providing shading from direct sunlight and by reducing land surface temperatures.

Troubled waters: risks and realities of blue carbon in climate action

Reports

December 2025

Carbon stored in coastal and marine ecosystems, such as mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrass meadows (blue carbon) is viewed as a potential bridge between mitigation, adaptation, and climate finance. However, as this brief explores, the viability of blue carbon as a mitigation option is questionable due to the fragility of these systems and the use of blue carbon as offsets counterproductive.